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The very category or concept of action comprehends the concepts of means and ends, of preferring and putting aside, of valuing, of success and failure, of profit and loss, of costs. As no action could be devised and ventured upon without definite ideas about the relation of cause and effect, teleology [actors have a purpose or plan] presupposes causality. ~Ludwig von Mises, The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science: An Essay on Method
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January 02, 2026
